The entry is arranged according to the outline below. Bibliographies appear after sections marked (†).
Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2007 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.
About
Bookstore
Glossary
Links
News
Publications
Timelines
The Virtual Jewish World
Virtual Israel Experience
Contact
Privacy Policy
Donate
Sign Up to Stay Informed
The Jewish Virtual Library is a project of the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization. | © 1998–2026 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
The Jewish Virtual Library is a free educational resource. This site may display limited advertising to help support operations. Advertising is not the primary purpose of this site. This site includes links to external third-party resources that JVL's editorial team has selected for their educational value.