Statements on the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty Treaty
(March 26, 1979)
TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL
The Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the
Government of the State of Israel;
PREAMBLE
Convinced of the urgent necessity of the establishment
of a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the Middle East in accordance
with Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338;
Reaffirming their adherence to the "Framework
for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David," dated September
17, 1978;
Noting that the aforementioned Framework as appropriate
is intended to constitute a basis for peace not only between Egypt and
Israel but also between Israel and each of its other Arab neighbors
which is prepared to negotiate peace with it on this basis;
Desiring to bring to an end the state of war between
them and to establish a peace in which every state in the area can live
in security;
Convinced that the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace
between Egypt and Israel is an important step in the search for comprehensive
peace in the area and for the attainment of the settlement of the Arab-Israeli
conflict in all its aspects;
Inviting the other Arab parties to this dispute to
join the peace process with Israel guided by and based on the principles
of the aforementioned Framework;
Desiring as well to develop friendly relations and
cooperation between themselves in accordance with the United Nations
Charter and the principles of international law governing international
relations in times of peace;
Agree to the following provisions in the free exercise
of their sovereignty, in order to implement the "Framework for
the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty Between Egypt and Israel":
ARTICLE I
1. The state of war between the Parties will be terminated
and peace will be established between them upon the exchange of instruments
of ratification of this Treaty.
2. Israel will withdraw all its armed forces and civilians
from the Sinai behind the international boundary between Egypt and mandated
Palestine, as provided in the annexed protocol (Annex I), and Egypt
will resume the exercise of its full sovereignty over the Sinai.
3. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal provided
for in Annex I, the Parties will establish normal and friendly relations,
in accordance with Article III(3).
ARTICLE II
The permanent boundary between Egypt and Israel is
the recognized international boundary between Egypt and the former mandated
territory of Palestine, as shown on the map at Annex II, without prejudice
to the issue of the status of the Gaza Strip. The Parties recognize
this boundary as inviolable. Each will respect the territorial integrity
of the other, including their territorial waters and airspace.
ARTICLE III
1. The Parties will apply between them the provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international
law governing relations among states in times of peace. In particular:
a. They recognize and will respect each other's sovereignty,
territorial integrity and political independence;
b. They recognize and will respect each other's right
to live in peace within their secure and recognized boundaries;
c. They will refrain from the threat or use of force,
directly or indirectly, against each other and will settle all disputes
between them by peaceful means.
2. Each Party undertakes to ensure that acts or threats
of belligerency, hostility, or violence do not originate from and are
not committed from within its territory, or by any forces subject to
its control or by any other forces stationed on its territory, against
the population, citizens or property of the other Party. Each Party
also undertakes to refrain from organizing, instigating, inciting, assisting
or participating in acts or threats of belligerency, hostility, subversion
or violence against the other Party, anywhere, and undertakes to ensure
that perpetrators of such acts are brought to justice.
3. The Parties agree that the normal relationship established
between them will include full recognition, diplomatic, economic and
cultural relations, termination of economic boycotts and discriminatory
barriers to the free movement of people and goods, and will guarantee
the mutual enjoyment by citizens of the due process of law. The process
by which they undertake to achieve such a relationship parallel to the
implementation of other provisions of this Treaty is set out in the
annexed protocol (Annex III).
ARTICLE IV
1. In order to provide maximum security for both Parties
on the basis of reciprocity, agreed security arrangements will be established
including limited force zones in Egyptian and Israeli territory, and
United Nations forces and observers, described in detail as to nature
and timing in Annex I, and other security arrangements the Parties may
agree upon.
2. The Parties agree to the stationing of United Nations
personnel in areas described in Annex I. The Parties agree not to request
withdrawal of the United Nations personnel and that these personnel
will not be removed unless such removal is approved by the Security
Council of the United Nations, with the affirmative vote of the five
Permanent Members, unless the Parties otherwise agree.
3. A Joint Commission will be established to facilitate
the implementation of the Treaty, as provided for in Annex I.
4. The security arrangements provided for in paragraphs
1 and 2 of this Article may at the request of either party be reviewed
and amended by mutual agreement of the Parties.
ARTICLE V
1. Ships of Israel, and cargoes destined for or coming
from Israel, shall enjoy the right of free passage through the Suez
Canal and its approaches through the Gulf of Suez and the Mediterranean
Sea on the basis of the Constantinople Convention of 1888, applying
to all nations. Israeli nationals, vessels and cargoes, as well as persons,
vessels and cargoes destined for or coming from Israel, shall be accorded
non-discriminatory treatment in all matters connected with usage of
the canal.
2. The Parties consider the Strait of Tiran and the
Gulf of Aqaba to be international waterways open to all nations for
unimpeded and non-suspendable freedom of navigation and overflight.
The Parties will respect each other's right to navigation and overflight
for access to either country through the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf
of Aqaba.
ARTICLE VI
1. This Treaty does not affect and shall not be interpreted
as affecting in any way the rights and obligations of the Parties under
the Charter of the United Nations.
2. The Parties undertake to fulfill in good faith their
obligations under this Treaty, without regard to action or inaction
of any other party and independently of any instrument external to this
Treaty.
3. They further undertake to take all the necessary
measures for the application in their relations of the provisions of
the multilateral conventions to which they are parties, including the
submission of appropriate notification to the Secretary General of the
United Nations and other depositaries of such conventions.
4. The parties undertake not to enter into any obligation
in conflict with this Treaty.
5. Subject to Article 103 of the United Nations Charter,
in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Parties under
the present Treaty and any of their other obligations, the obligations
under this Treaty will be binding and implemented.
ARTICLE VII
1. Disputes arising out of the application or interpretation
of this Treaty shall be resolved by negotiations.
2. Any such disputes which cannot be settled by negotiations
shall be resolved by conciliation or submitted to arbitration.
ARTICLE VIII
The Parties agree to establish a claims commission
for the mutual settlement of all financial claims.
ARTICLE IX
1. This Treaty shall enter into force upon exchange
of instruments of ratification.
2. This Treaty supersedes the Agreement between Egypt
and Israel of September, 1975.
3. All protocols, annexes, and maps attached to this
Treaty shall be regarded as an integral part hereof.
4. The Treaty shall be communicated to the Secretary
General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with the
provisions of Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
DONE at Washington, D.C. this 26th day of March, 1979,
in triplicate in the English, Arabic, and Hebrew languages, each text
being equally authentic. I'm case of any divergence of interpretation,
the English text shall prevail.
For the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt:
A. SADAT
For the Government of Israel:
M. BEGIN
Witnessed by:
JIMMY CARTER
Jimmy Carter, President of the United States of America
ANNEX I
PROTOCOL CONCERNING ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL AND SECURITY
ARRANGEMENTS
ARTICLE I
Concept of Withdrawal
1. Israel will complete withdrawal of all its armed
forces and civilians from the Sinai not later than three years from
the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
2. To ensure the mutual security of the Parties, the
implementation of phased withdrawal will be accompanied by the military
measures and establishment of zones set out in this Annex and in Map
1, hereinafter referred to as "the Zones."
3. The withdrawal from the Sinai will be accomplished
in two phases:
a. The interim withdrawal behind the line from east
of El Arish to Ras Muhammed as delineated on Map 2 within nine months
from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty.
b. The final withdrawal from the Sinai behind the international
boundary not later than three years from the date of exchange of instruments
of ratification of this Treaty.
4. A Joint Commission will be formed immediately after
the exchange of instruments of ratification of this Treaty in order
to supervise and coordinate movements and schedules during the withdrawal,
and to adjust plans and timetables as necessary within the. limits established
by paragraph 3, above. Details relating to the Joint Commission are
set out in Article IV of the attached Appendix. The Joint Commission
will be dissolved upon completion of final Israeli withdrawal from the
Sinai.
ARTICLE II
Determination of Final Lines and Zones
1. In order to provide maximum security for both Parties
after the final withdrawal, the lines and the Zones delineated on Map
1 are to be established and organized as follows:
a. Zone A
(1) Zone A is bounded on the east by line A (red line)
and on the west by the Suez Canal and the east coast of the Gulf of
Suez, as shown on Map 1.
(2) An Egyptian armed force of one mechanized infantry
division and its military installations, and field fortifications, will
be in this Zone.
(3) The main elements of that division will consist
of:
(a) Three mechanized infantry brigades.
(b) One armored brigade.
(c) Seven field artillery battalions including up to
126 artillery pieces.
(d) Seven anti-aircraft artillery battalions including
individual surface-to-air missiles and up to 126 anti-aircraft guns
of 37 mm and above.
(e) Up to 230 tanks.
(f) Up to 480 armored personnel vehicles of all types.
(g) Up to a total of twenty-two thousand personnel.
b. Zone B
(1) Zone B is bounded by line B (green line) on the
east and by line A (red line) on the west, as shown on Map 1.
(2) Egyptian border units of four battalions equipped
with light weapons and wheeled vehicles will provide security and supplement
the civil police in maintaining order in Zone B. The main elements of
the four border battalions will consist of up to a total of four thousand
personnel.
(3) Land based, short range, low power, coastal warning
points of the border patrol units may be established on the coast of
this Zone.
(4) There will be in Zone B field fortifications and
military installations for the four border battalions.
c. Zone G
(1) Zone C is bounded by line B (green line) on the
west and the international boundary and the Gulf of Aqaba on the east,
as shown on Map 1.
(2) Only United Nations forces and Egyptian civil police
will be stationed in Zone C.
(3) The Egyptian civil police armed with light weapons
will perform normal police functions within this Zone.
(4) The United Nations Force will be deployed within
Zone G and perform its functions as defined in Article VI of this Annex.
(5) The United Nations Force will be stationed mainly
in camps located within the following stationing areas shown on Map
1, and will establish its precise locations after consultations with
Egypt:
(a) In that part of the area in the Sinai lying within
about 20 Km. of the Mediterranean Sea and adjacent to the International
boundary,.
(b) In the Sharm el Sheikh area.
d. Zone D
(1) Zone D is bounded by line D (blue line) on the
east and the international boundary on the west, as shown on Map 1.
(2) In this Zone there will be an Israeli limited force
of four infantry battalions, their military installations, and field
fortifications, and United Nations observers.
(3) The Israeli forces in Zone D will not include tanks,
artillery and anti-aircraft missiles except individual surface-to-air
missiles.
(4) The main elements of the four Israeli infantry,
battalions will consist of up to 180 armored personnel vehicles of all
types and up to a total of four thousand personnel.
2. Access across the international boundary shall only
be permitted through entry check points designated by each Party and
under its control. Such access shall be in accordance with laws and
regulations of each country.
3. Only those field fortifications. military installations,
forces. and weapons specifically permitted by this Annex shall be in
the Zones.
ARTICLE III
Aerial Military Regime
1. Flights of combat aircraft and reconnaissance flights
of Egypt and Israel shall take place only over Zones A and D, respectively.
2. Only unarmed, non-combat aircraft of Egypt and Israel
will be stationed in Zones A and D, respectively.
3. Only Egyptian unarmed transport aircraft will take
off and land in Zone B and up to eight such aircraft may be maintained
in Zone B. The Egyptian border units may be equipped with unarmed helicopters
to perform their functions in Zone B.
4. The Egyptian civil police may be equipped with unarmed
police helicopters to perform normal police functions in Zone C.
5. Only civilian airfields may be built in the Zones.
6. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Treaty,
only those military aerial activities specifically permitted by this
Annex shall be allowed in the Zones and the airspace above their territorial
waters.
ARTICLE IV
Naval Regime
1. Egypt and Israel may base and operate naval vessels
along the coasts of Zones A and D, respectively.
2. Egyptian coast guard boats, lightly armed, may be
stationed and operate in in the territorial waters of Zone B to assist
the border units in performing their functions in this Zone.
3. Egyptian civil police equipped with light boats,
lightly armed, shall perform normal police functions within the territorial
waters of Zone C.
4. Nothing in this Annex shall be considered as derogating
from the right of innocent passage of the naval vessels of either Party.
5. Only civilian maritime ports and installations may
be built in the Zones.
6. Without prejudice to the provisions of this Treaty,
only those naval activities specifically permitted by this Annex shall
be allowed in the Zones and in their territorial waters.
ARTICLE V
Early Warning Systems
Egypt and Israel may establish and operate early warning
systems only in Zones A and D, respectively.
ARTICLE VI
United Nations Operations
1. The Parties will request the United Nations to provide
forces and observers to supervise the implementation of this Annex and
employ their best efforts to prevent any violation of its terms.
2. With respect to these United Nations forces and
observers, as appropriate, the Parties agree to request the following
arrangements:
a. Operation of check points, reconnaissance patrols,
and observation posts along the international boundary and line B, and
within Zone C.
b. Periodic verification of the implementation of the
provisions of this Annex will be carried out not less than twice a month
unless otherwise agreed by the Parties.
c. Additional verifications within 48 hours after the
receipt of a request from either Party.
d. Ensuring the freedom of navigation through the Strait
of Tiran in accordance with Article V of the Treaty of Peace.
3. The arrangements described in this article for each
zone will be implemented in Zones A, B, and C by the United Nations
Force and in Zone D by the United Nations Observers.
4. United Nations verification teams shall be accompanied
by liaison officers of the respective Party.
5. The United Nations Force and Observers will report
their findings to both Parties.
6. The United Nations Force and Observers operating
in the Zones will enjoy freedom of movement and other facilities necessary
for the performance of their tasks.
7. The United Nations Force and Observers are not empowered
to authorize the crossing of the international boundary.
8. The Parties shall agree on the nations from which
the United Nations Force and Observers will be drawn. They will be drawn
from nations other than those which are Permanent Members of the United
Nations Security Council.
9. The Parties agree that the United Nations should
make those command arrangements that will best assure the effective
implementation of its responsibilities.
ARTICLE VII
Liaison System
1. Upon dissolution of the Joint Commission, a liaison
system between the Parties will be established. This liaison system
is intended to provide an effective method to assess progress in the
implementation of obligations under the present Annex and to resolve
any problem that may arise in the course of implementation, and refer
other unresolved matters to the higher military authorities of the two
countries respectively for consideration. It is also intended to prevent
situations resulting from errors or misinterpretation on the part of
either Party.
2. An Egyptian liaison office will be established in
the city of El Arish and an Israeli liaison office will be established
in the city of Beer-Sheba. Each office will be headed by an officer
of the respective country, and assisted by a number of officers°
3. A direct telephone link between the two offices
will be set up and also direct telephone lines with the United Nations
command will be maintained by both
offices.
ARTICLE VIII
Respect for War Memorials
Each Party undertakes to preserve in good condition
the War Memorials erected in the memory of soldiers of the other Party,
namely those erected by Israel in the Sinai and those to be erected
by Egypt in Israel, and shall permit access to such monuments.
ARTICLE IX
Interim Arrangements
The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces and civilians
behind the interim withdrawal line, and the conduct of the forces of
the Parties and the United Nations prior to the final withdrawal, will
be governed by the attached Appendix and Maps 2 and 3.
APPENDIX to ANNEX I
ORGANIZATION OF MOVEMENTS IN THE SINAI
ARTICLE I
Principles of Withdrawal
1. The withdrawal of Israeli armed forces and civilians
from the Sinai will be accomplished in two phases as described in Article
I of Annex I. The description and timing of the withdrawal are included
in this Appendix. The Joint Commission will develop and present to the
Chief Coordinator of the United Nations forces in the Middle East the
details of these phases not later than one month before the initiation
of each phase of withdrawal.
2. Both Parties agree on the following principles for
the sequence of military movements.
a. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article IX, paragraph
2, of this Treaty, until Israeli armed forces complete withdrawal from
the current J and M Lines established by the Egyptian-Israeli Agreement
of September 1975, hereinafter referred to as the 1975 Agreement, up
to the interim withdrawal line, all military arrangements existing under
that Agreement will remain in effect, except those military arrangements
otherwise provided for in this Appendix.
b. As Israeli armed forces withdraw, United Nations
forces will immediately enter the evacuated areas to establish interim
and temporary buffer zones as shown on Maps 2 and 3, respectively, for
the purpose of maintaining a separation. of forces. United Nations forces'
deployment will precede the movement of other personnel into these areas.
c. Within a period of seven days after Israeli armed
forces have evacuated any area located in Zone A, units of Egyptian
armed forces shall deploy in accordance with the provisions of Article
II of this Appendix.
d. Within a period of seven days after Israeli armed
forces have evacuated any area located in Zones A or B, Egyptian border
units shall deploy in accordance with the provisions of Article II of
this Appendix, and will function in accordance with the provisions of
Article II of Annex I.
e. Egyptian civil police will enter evacuated areas
immediately after the United Nations forces to perform normal police
functions.
f. Egyptian naval units shall deploy in the Gulf of
Suez in accordance with the provisions of Article II of this Appendix.
g. Except those movements mentioned above, deployments
of Egyptian armed forces and the activities covered in Annex I will
be effected in the evacuated areas when Israeli armed forces have completed
their withdrawal behind the interim withdrawal line.
ARTICLE II
Subphases of the Withdrawal to the Interim Withdrawal
Line
1. The withdrawal to the interim withdrawal line will
be accomplished in subphases as described in this Article and as shown
on Map 3. Each subphase will be completed within the indicated number
of months from the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification
of this Treaty.
a. First subphase: within two months, Israeli armed
forces will withdraw from the area of El Arish, including the town of
El Arish and its airfield, shown as Area I on Map 3.
b. Second subphase: within three months, Israeli armed
forces will withdraw from the area between line M of the 1975 Agreement
and line A, shown as Area II on Map 3.
c. Third subphase: within five months, Israeli armed
forces will withdraw from the areas east and south of Area II, shown
as Area III on Map 3.
d. Fourth subphase: within seven months, Israeli armed
forces will withdraw from the area of El Tor—Ras El Kenisa, shown
as Area IV on Map 3.
e. Fifth subphase: Within nine months, Israeli armed
forces will withdraw from the remaining areas west of the interim withdrawal
line, including the areas of Santa Katrina and the areas east of the
Giddi and Mitla passes, shown as Area V on Map 3, thereby completing
Israeli withdrawal behind the interim withdrawal line.
2. Egyptian forces will deploy in the areas evacuated
by Israeli armed forces as follows:
a. Up to one-third of the Egyptian armed forces in
the Sinai in accordance with the 1975 Agreement will deploy in the portions
of Zone A lying within Area I, until the completion of interim withdrawal.
Thereafter, Egyptian armed forces as described in Article II of Annex
I will be deployed in Zone A up to the limits of the interim buffer
zone.
b. The Egyptian naval activity in accordance with Article
IV of Annex I will commence along the coasts of Areas II, III, and IV,
upon completion of the second, third, and fourth subphases, respectively.
c. Of the Egyptian border units described in Article
II of Annex I, upon completion of the first subphase one battalion will
be deployed in Area I. A second battalion will be deployed in Area II
upon completion of the second subphase. A third battalion will be deployed
in Area III upon completion of the third subphase. The second and third
battalions mentioned above may also be deployed in any of the subsequently
evacuated areas of the southern Sinai.
3. United Nations forces in Buffer Zone I of the 1975
Agreement will redeploy to enable the deployment of Egyptian forces
described above upon the completion of the first subphase, but will
otherwise continue to function in accordance with the provisions of
that Agreement in the remainder of that zone until the completion of
interim withdrawal, as indicated in Article I of this Appendix.
4. Israeli convoys may use the roads south and east
of the main road junction east of El Arish to evacuate Israeli forces
and equipment up to the completion of interim withdrawal. These convoys
will proceed in daylight upon four hours notice to the Egyptian liaison
group and United Nations forces, will be escorted by United Nations
forces, and will be in accordance with schedules coordinated by the
Joint Commission. An Egyptian liaison officer will accompany convoys
to assure uninterrupted movement. The Joint Commission may approve other
arrangements for convoys.
ARTICLE III
United Nations Forces
1. The Parties shall request that United Nations forces
be deployed as necessary to perform the functions described in this
Appendix up to the time of completion of final Israeli withdrawal. For
that purpose, the Parties agree to the redeployment of the United Nations
Emergency Force.
2. United Nations forces will supervise the implementation
of this Appendix and will employ their best efforts to prevent any violation
of its terms.
3. When United Nations forces deploy in accordance
with the provisions of Articles I and II of this Appendix, they will
perform the functions of verification in limited force zones in accordance
with Article VI of Annex I, and will establish check points, reconnaissance
patrols, and observation posts in the temporary buffer zones described
in Article II above. Other functions of the United Nations forces which
concern the interim buffer zone are described in Article V of this Appendix.
ARTICLE IV
Joint Commission and Liaison
1. The Joint Commission referred to in Article IV of
this Treaty will function from the date of exchange of instruments of
ratification of this Treaty up to the date of completion of final Israeli
withdrawal from the Sinai.
2. The Joint Commission will be composed of representatives
of each Party headed by senior officers. This Commission shall invite
a representative of the United Nations when discussing subjects concerning
the United Nations, or when either Party requests United Nations presence.
Decisions of the Joint Commission will be reached by agreement of Egypt
and Israel.
3. The Joint Commission will supervise the implementation
of the arrangements described in Annex I and this Appendix. To this
end, and by agreement of both Parties, it will:
a. coordinate military movements described in this
Appendix and supervise their implementation;
b. address and seek to resolve any problem arising
out of the implementation of Annex I and this Appendix, and discuss
any violations reported by the United Nations Force and Observers and
refer to the Governments of Egypt and Israel any unresolved problems;
c. assist the United Nations Force and Observers in
the execution of their mandates, and deal with the timetables of the
periodic verifications when referred to it by the Parties as provided
for in Annex I and in this Appendix;
d. organize the demarcation of the international boundary
and all lines and zones described in Annex I and this Appendix;
e. supervise the handing over of the main installations
in the Sinai from Israel to Egypt;
f. agree on necessary arrangements for finding and
returning missing bodies of Egyptian and Israeli soldiers;
g. organize the setting up and operation of entry check
points along the El Arish-Ras Muhammed line in accordance with the provisions
of Article 4 of Annex III;
h. conduct its operations through the use of joint
liaison teams consisting of one Israeli representative and one Egyptian
representative, provided from a standing Liaison Group, which will conduct
activities as directed by the Joint Commission;
i. provide liaison and coordination to the United Nations
command implementing provisions of the Treaty, and, through the joint
liaison teams, maintain local coordination and cooperation with the
United Nations Force stationed in specific areas or United Nations Observers
monitoring specific areas for any assistance as needed;
j. discuss any other matters which the Parties by agreement
may place before it.
4. Meetings of the Joint Commission shall be held at
least once a month. In the event that either Party or the Command of
the United Nations Force requests a special meeting, it will be convened
within 24 hours.
5. The Joint Commission will meet in the buffer zone
until the completion of the interim withdrawal and in El Arish and Beer-Sheba
alternately afterwards. The first meeting will be held not later than
two weeks after the entry into force of this Treaty.
ARTICLE V
Definition of the Interim Buffer Zone and Its Activities
1. An interim buffer zone, by which the United Nations
Force will effect a separation of Egyptian and Israeli elements, will
be established west of and adjacent to the interim withdrawal line as
shown on Map 2 after implementation of Israeli withdrawal and deployment
behind the interim withdrawal line. Egyptian civil police equipped with
light weapons will perform normal police functions within this
Zone.
2. The United Nations Force will operate check points,
reconnaissance patrols, and observation posts within the interim buffer
zone in order to ensure compliance with the terms of this Article.
3. In accordance with arrangements agreed upon by both
Parties and to be coordinated by the Joint Commission, Israeli personnel
will operate military technical installations at four specific locations
shown on Map 2 and designated as T1 (map central coordinate 57163940),
T2 (map central coordinate 59351541), T3 (map central coordinate 59331527),
and T4 (map central coordinate 61130979) under the following principles:
a. The technical installations shall be manned by technical
and administrative personnel equipped with small arms required for their
protection (revolvers, rifles, sub-machine guns, light machine guns,
hand grenades, and ammunition), as follows:
Tl—up to 150 personnel
T2 and T3—up to 350 personnel
T4—up to 200 personnel.
b. Israeli personnel will not carry weapons outside
the sites, except officers who may carry personal weapons.
c. Only a third party agreed to by Egypt and Israel
will enter and conduct inspections within the perimeters of technical
installations in the buffer zone. The third party will conduct inspections
in a random manner at least once a month. The inspections will verify
the nature of the operation of the installations and the weapons and
personnel therein. The third party will immediately report to the Parties
any divergence from an installation's visual and electronic surveillance
or communications role.
d. Supply of the installations, visits for technical
and administrative purposes, and replacement of personnel and equipment
situated in the sites, may occur uninterruptedly from the United Nations
check points to the perimeter of the technical installations, after
checking and being escorted by only the United Nations forces.
e. Israel will be permitted to introduce into its technical installations
items required for the proper functioning of the installations and personnel.
f. As determined by the Joint Commission, Israel will
be permitted to:
(1) Maintain in its installations firefighting and
general maintenance equipment as well as wheeled administrative vehicles
and mobile engineering equipment necessary for the maintenance of the
sites. All vehicles shall be unarmed.
(2) Within the sites and in the buffer zone, maintain
roads, water lines and communications cables which serve the sites.
At each of the three installation locations (T1, T2, and T3, and T4),
this maintenance may be performed with up to two unarmed wheeled vehicles
and by up to twelve unarmed personnel with only necessary equipment,
including heavy engineering equipment if needed. This maintenance may
be performed three times a week, except for special problems, and only
after giving the United Nations four hours notice. The teams will be
escorted by the United Nations.
g. Movement to and from the technical installations
will take place only during daylight hours. Access to, and exit from,
the technical installations shall be as follows:
(1) TI: through a United Nations check point, and via
the road between Abu Aweigila and the intersection of the Abu Aweigila
road and the Gebel Libni road (at Km. 161), as shown on Map 2.
(2) T2 and T3: through a United Nations checkpoint
and via the road constructed across the buffer zone to Gebel Katrina,
as shown on Map 2.
(3) T2, T3, and T4: via helicopters flying within a
corridor at the times, and according to a flight profile, agreed to
by the Joint Commission. The helicopters will be checked by the United
Nations Force at landing sites outside the perimeter of the installations.
h. Israel will inform the United Nations Force at least
one hour in advance of each intended movement to and from the installations.
i. Israel shall be entitled to evacuate sick and wounded
and summon medical experts and medical teams at any time after giving
immediate notice to the United Nations Force.
4. The details of the above principles and all other
matters in this Article requiring coordination by the Parties will be
handled by the Joint Commission.
5. These technical installations will be withdrawn
when Israeli forces withdraw from the interim withdrawal line, or at
a time agreed by the parties.
ARTICLE VI
Disposition of Installations and Military Barriers
Disposition of installations and military barriers
will be determined by the Parties in accordance with the following guidelines:
1. Up to three weeks before Israeli withdrawal from
any area, the Joint Commission will arrange for Israeli and Egyptian
liaison and technical teams to conduct a joint inspection of all appropriate
installations to agree upon condition of structures and articles which
will be transferred to Egyptian control and to arrange for such transfer.
Israel will declare, at that time, its plans for disposition of installations
and articles within the installations.
2. Israel undertakes to transfer to Egypt all agreed
infrastructure, utilities, and installations intact, inter alia, airfields,
roads, pumping stations, and ports. Israel will present to Egypt the
information necessary for the maintenance and operation of these facilities.
Egyptian technical teams will be permitted to observe and familiarize
themselves with the operation of these facilities for a period of up
to two weeks prior to transfer.
3. When Israel relinquishes Israeli military water
points near El Arish and El Tor, Egyptian technical teams will assume
control of those installations and ancillary equipment in accordance
with an orderly transfer process arranged beforehand by the Joint Commission.
Egypt undertakes to continue to make available at all water supply points
the normal quantity of currently available water up to the time Israel
withdraws behind the international boundary, unless otherwise agreed
in the Joint Commission.
4. Israel will make its best effort to remove or destroy
all military barriers, including obstacles and minefields, in the areas
and adjacent waters from which it withdraws, according to the following
concept:
a. Military barriers will be cleared first from areas
near populations, roads, and major installations and utilities.
b. For those obstacles and minefields which cannot
be removed or destroyed prior to Israeli withdrawal, Israel will provide
detailed maps to Egypt and the United Nations through the Joint Commission
not later than 15 days before entry of United Nations forces into the
affected areas.
c. Egyptian military engineers will enter those areas
after United Nations forces enter to conduct barrier clearance operations
in accordance with Egyptian plans to be submitted prior to implementation.
ARTICLE VII
Surveillance Activities
1. Aerial surveillance activities during the withdrawal
will be carried out as follows:
a. Both Parties request the United States to continue
airborne surveillance flights in accordance with previous agreements
until the completion of final Israeli withdrawal.
b. Flight profiles will cover the Limited Forces Zones
to monitor the limitations on forces and armaments, and to determine
that Israeli armed forces have withdrawn from the areas described in
Article II of Annex I, Article II of this Appendix, and Maps 2 and 3,
and that these forces thereafter remain behind their lines. Special
inspection flights may be flown at the request of either Party or of
the United Nations.
c. Only the main elements in the military organizations
of each Party, as described in Annex I and in this Appendix, will be
reported.
2. Both Parties request the United States operated
Sinai Field Mission to continue its operations in accordance with previous
agreements until completion of the Israeli withdrawal from the area
east of the Giddi and Mitla Passes. Thereafter, the Mission will be
terminated.
ARTICLE VIII
Exercise of Egyptian Sovereignty
Egypt will resume the exercise of its full sovereignty
over evacuated parts of the Sinai upon Israeli withdrawal as provided
for in Article I of this Treaty.
MAP I - International Boundary and the Lines of the
Zones
MAP 2 - Lines and Zones Effective when Israeli Forces are on the El
Arish - Ras Mohammad Line
MAP 3 - Sub-Phases of Withdrawal to the El Arish-Ras Mohammad Line ANNEX
II - International Boundary
ANNEX III
PROTOCOL CONCERNING RELATIONS OF THE PARTIES
ARTICLE 1
Diplomatic and Consular Relations
The Parties agree to establish diplomatic and consular
relations and to exchange ambassadors upon completion of the interim
withdrawal.
ARTICLE 2
Economic and Trade Relations
1. The Parties agree to remove all discriminatory barriers
to normal economic relations and to terminate economic boycotts of each
other upon completion of the interim withdrawal.
2. As soon as possible, and not later than six months
after the completion of the interim withdrawal, the Parties will enter
negotiations with a view to concluding an agreement on trade and commerce
for the purpose of promoting beneficial economic relations.
ARTICLE 3
Cultural Relations
1. The Parties agree to establish normal cultural relations
following completion of the interim withdrawal.
2. They agree on the desirability of cultural exchanges
in all fields, and shall, as soon as possible and not later than six
months after completion of the interim withdrawal, enter into negotiations
with a view to concluding a cultural agreement for this purpose.
ARTICLE 4
Freedom of Movement
1. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, each
Party will permit the free movement of the nationals and vehicles of
the other into and within its territory according to the general rules
applicable to nationals and vehicles of other states. Neither Party
will impose discriminatory restrictions on the free movement of persons
and vehicles from its territory to the territory of the other.
2. Mutual unimpeded access to places of religious and
historical significance will be provided on a nondiscriminatory basis.
ARTICLE 5
Cooperation for Development and Good Neighborly Relations
1. The Parties recognize a mutuality of interest in
good neighborly relations and agree to consider means to promote such
relations.
2. The Parties will cooperate in promoting peace, stability
and development in their region. Each agrees to consider proposals the
other may wish to make to this end.
3. The Parties shall seek to foster mutual understanding
and tolerance and will, accordingly, abstain from hostile propaganda
against each other.
ARTICLE 6
Transportation and Telecommunications
1. The Parties recognize as applicable to each other
the rights, privileges and obligations provided for by the aviation
agreements to which they are both party, particularly by the Convention
on International Civil Aviation, 1944 ("The Chicago Convention")
and the International Air Services Transit Agreement, 1944.
2. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal any declaration
of national emergency by a party under Article 89 of the Chicago Convention
will not be applied to the other party on a discriminatory basis.
3. Egypt agrees that the use of airfields left by Israel
near El Arish, Rafah, Ras El Nagb and Sharm el Sheikh shall be for civilian
purposes only, including possible commercial use by all nations.
4. As soon as possible and not later than six months
after the completion of the interim withdrawal, the Parties shall enter
into negotiations for the purpose of concluding a civil aviation agreement.
5. The Parties will reopen and maintain roads and railways
between their countries and will consider further road and rail links.
The Parties further agree that a highway will be constructed and maintained
between Egypt, Israel and Jordan near Eilat with guaranteed free and
peaceful passage of persons, vehicles and goods between Egypt and Jordan,
without prejudice to their sovereignty over that part of the highway
which falls within their respective territory.
6. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, normal
postal, telephone, telex, data facsimile, wireless and cable communications
and television relay services by cable, radio and satellite shall be
established between the two Parties in accordance with all relevant
international conventions and regulations.
7. Upon completion of the interim withdrawal, each
Party shall grant normal access to its ports for vessels and cargoes
of the other, as well as vessels and cargoes destined for or coming
from the other. Such access shall be granted on the same conditions
generally applicable to vessels and cargoes of other nations. Article
5 of the Treaty of Peace will be implemented upon the exchange of instruments
of ratification of the aforementioned Treaty.
ARTICLE 7
Enjoyment of Human Rights
The Parties affirm their commitment to respect and
observe human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and they will
promote these rights and freedoms in accordance with the United Nations
Charter.
ARTICLE 8
Territorial Seas
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 5 of
the Treaty of Peace each Party recognizes the right of the vessels of
the other Party to innocent passage through its territorial sea in accordance
with the rules of international law.
AGREED MINUTES TO ARTICLES I, IV, V AND AND ANNEXES
I AND III OF TREATY OF PEACE
ARTICLE I
Egypt's resumption of the exercise of full sovereignty
over the Sinai provided for in paragraph 2 of Article I shall occur
with regard to each area upon Israel's withdrawal from that area.
ARTICLE IV
It is agreed between the parties that the review provided
for in Article Iv (4) will be undertaken when requested by either party,
commencing within three months of such a request, but that any amendment
can be made only with the mutual agreement of both parties.
ARTICLE V
The second sentence of paragraph 2 of Article V shall
not be construed as limiting the first sentence of that paragraph. The
foregoing is not to be construed as contravening the second sentence
of paragraph 2 of Article V, which reads as follows:
"The Parties will respect each other's right to
navigation and overflight for access to either country through the Strait
of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba."
ARTICLE VI(2)
The provisions of Article VI shall not be construed
in contradiction to the provisions of the framework for peace in the
Middle East agreed at Camp David. The foregoing is not to be construed
as contravening the provisions of Article VI (2) of the Treaty, which
reads as follows:
"The Parties undertake to fulfill in good faith
their obligations under this Treaty, without regard to action or inaction
of any other Party and independently of any instrument external to this
Treaty."
ARTICLE VI (5)
It is agreed by the Parties that there is no assertion
that this Treaty prevails over other Treaties or agreements or that
other Treaties or agreements prevail over this Treaty. The foregoing
is not to be construed as contravening the provisions of Article VI(5)
of the Treaty, which reads as follows:
"Subject to Article 103 of the United Nations
Charter, in the event of a conflict between the obligations of the Parties
under the present Treaty and any of their other obligations, the obligations
under this Treaty will be binding and implemented."
ANNEX I
Article VI, Paragraph 8, of Annex I provides as follows:
"The Parties shall agree on the nations from which
the United Nations force and observers will be drawn. They will be drawn
from nations other than those which are permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council."
The Parties have agreed as follows: "With respect to the provisions
of paragraph 8, Article VI, of Annex I, if no agreement is reached between
the Parties, they will accept or support a U.S. proposal concerning
the composition of the United Nations force and observers."
ANNEX III
The Treaty of Peace and Annex III thereto provide for
establishing normal economic relations between the Parties. In accordance
therewith, it is agreed that such relations will include normal commercial
sales of oil by Egypt to Israel, and that Israel shall be fully entitled
to make bids for Egyptian-origin oil not needed for Egyptian domestic
oil consumption, and Egypt and its oil concessionaires will entertain
bids made by Israel, on the same basis and terms as apply to other bidders
for such oil.
For the Government of Israel:
M. BEGIN
For the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt:
A. SADAT
Witnessed by:
JIMMY CARTER
Jimmy Carter, President of the United States of America
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. President:
This letter confirms that Israel and Egypt have agreed
as follows:
The Governments of Israel and Egypt recall that they
concluded at Camp David and signed at the White House on September 17,
1978, the annexed documents entitled "A Framework for Peace in
the Middle East Agreed at Camp David" and "Framework for the
conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt."
For the purpose of achieving a comprehensive peace
settlement in accordance with the above-mentioned Frameworks, Israel
and Egypt will proceed with the implementation of those provisions relating
to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. They have agreed to start negotiations
within a month after the exchange of the instruments of ratification
of the Peace Treaty. In accordance with the "Framework for Peace
in the Middle East," the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is invited
to join the negotiations. The Delegations of Egypt and Jordan may include
Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza Strip or other Palestinians
as mutually agreed. The purpose of the negotiations shall be to agree,
prior to the elections, on the modalities for establishing the elected
self-governing authority (administrative council), define its powers
and responsibilities, and agree upon other related issues. In the event
Jordan decides not to take part in the negotiations, the negotiations
will be held by Israel and Egypt.
The two Governments agree to negotiate continuously
and in good faith to conclude these negotiations at the earliest possible
date. They also agree that the objective of the negotiations is the
establishment of the self-governing authority in the West Bank and Gaza
in order to provide full autonomy to the inhabitants.
Israel and Egypt set for themselves the goal of completing
the negotiations within one year so that elections will be held as expeditiously
as possible after agreement has been reached between the parties. The
self-governing authority referred to in the "Framework for Peace
in the Middle East" will be established and inaugurated within
one month after it has been elected, at which time the transitional
period of five years will begin. The Israeli military government and
its civilian administration will be withdrawn, to be replaced by the
self-governing authority, as specified in the "Framework for Peace
in the Middle East." A withdrawal of Israeli armed forces will
then take place and there will be a redeployment of the remaining Israeli
forces into specified security locations.
This letter also confirms our understanding that the
United States Government will participate fully in all stages of negotiations.
Sincerely yours,
For the Government of Israel:
M. BEGIN
For the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt:
A. SADAT
[The President, The White House.]
EXPLANATORY NOTE
President Carter, upon receipt of the joint letter
to him from President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin, has added to the
American and Israeli copies the notation:
"I have been informed that the expression 'West
Bank' is understood by the Government of Israel to mean 'Judea and Samaria.'"
This notation is in accordance with similar procedures
established at Camp David.
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. President:
In response to your request, I can confirm that, within
one month after the completion of Israel's withdrawal to the interim
line as provided for in the Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel,
Egypt will send a resident ambassador to Israel and will receive a resident
Israeli ambassador in Egypt.
Sincerely,
A. SADAT
[The President, The White House.]
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. Prime Minister:
I have received a letter from President Sadat that,
within one month after Israel completes its withdrawal to the interim
line in Sinai, as provided for in the Treaty of Peace between Egypt
and Israel, Egypt will send a resident ambassador to Israel and will
receive in Egypt a resident Israeli ambassador.
I would be grateful if you will confirm that this procedure
will be agreeable to the Government of Israel.
Sincerely,
JIMMY CARTER
[His Excellency Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of the
State of Israel.]
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. President:
I am pleased to be able to confirm that the Government
of Israel is agreeable to the procedure set out in your letter of March
26, 1979 in which you state:
"I have received a letter from President Sadat that, within one
month after Israel completes its withdrawal to the interim line in Sinai,
as provided for in the Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel, Egypt
will send a resident ambassador to Israel and will receive in Egypt
a resident Israeli ambassador."
Sincerely,
M. BEGIN
[The President, The White House.]
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. President:
I wish to confirm to you that subject to United States
Constitutional processes:
In the event of an actual or threatened violation of
the Treaty of Peace between Egypt and Israel, the United States will,
on request of one or both of the Parties, consult with the Parties with
respect thereto and will take such other action as it may deem appropriate
and helpful to achieve compliance with the Treaty.
The United States will conduct aerial monitoring as
requested by the Parties pursuant to Annex I of the Treaty.
The United States believes the Treaty provision for
permanent stationing of United Nations personnel in the designated limited
force zone can and should be implemented by the United Nations Security
Council. The United States will exert its utmost efforts to obtain the
requisite action by the Security Council. If the Security Council fails
to establish and maintain the arrangements called for in the Treaty,
the President will be prepared to take those steps necessary to ensure
the establishment and maintenance of an acceptable alternative multinational
force.
Sincerely,
JIMMY CARTER
[His Excellency Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat, President of
the Arab Republic of Egypt.]
March 26, 1979
Dear Mr. Prime Minister:
I wish to confirm to you that subject to United States
Constitutional processes:
In the event of an actual or threatened violation of
the Treaty of Peace between Israel and Egypt, the United States will,
on request of one or both of the Parties, consult with the Parties with
respect thereto and will take such other action as it may deem appropriate
and helpful to achieve compliance with the Treaty.
The United States will conduct aerial monitoring as
requested by the Parties pursuant to Annex I of the Treaty.
The United States 'believes the Treaty provision for
permanent stationing of United Nations personnel in the designated limited
force zone can and should be implemented by the United Nations Security
Council. The United States will exert its utmost efforts to obtain the
requisite action by the Security Council. If the Security Council fails
to establish and maintain the arrangements called for in the Treaty,
the President will be prepared to take those steps necessary to ensure
the establishment and maintenance of an acceptable alternative multinational
force.
Sincerely,
JIMMY CARTER
Sources: Public Papers of the President |