The Holocaust: Jews in Nazi-Occupied Countries

The Jewish Virtual Library is a project of the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, nonpartisan educational organization. | © 1998–2026 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise

The Jewish Virtual Library is a free educational resource. This site may display limited advertising to help support operations. Advertising is not the primary purpose of this site. This site includes links to external third-party resources that JVL's editorial team has selected for their educational value.