| 1258 |
Mongols sack Baghdad. |
| 1278 |
The Edict of Pope Nicholas III requires compulsory attendance
of Jews at conversion sermons. |
| 1286 |
Moses de Leon
of Spain completes a commentary
of the Torah.
The Zohar remains
a central text of Jewish mysticism. |
| 1290/1291 |
Expulsion of Jews from England. |
| 1291 |
Expulsion of Christian Crusaders
from Syria. |
| 1348 |
Black Death reaches Europe. |
| 1445 |
Gutenberg prints Europe's first book with movable type. |
| 1453 |
Ottomans begin rule
from Constantinople. |
| 1492 |
End of Muslim states in Spain. |
| 1492 |
Columbus sets sail. |
