Israeli Electoral History: 2019 Elections to the 21st and 22nd Knesset

Call For Elections
Results
Analysis
Aftermath
Major Party Lists for September 2019 Election
Major Party Lists for April 2019 Election
Netanyahu Can’t Form Coalition Leading to Second Vote
April 2019 Final Vote
Will There Be A Government?
September 2019 Final Vote
Members of the 22nd Knesset
Gantz Gets Mandate After Netanyahu Fails Again But Third Election Coming

Call For Elections

On December 24, 2018, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called for early Knesset elections, which were scheduled to take place on April 9, 2019. The main reason was the likely collapse of the government because of the opposition of religious parties in his coalition to a Supreme Court decision that required the government to formulate a plan for the conscription of ultra-Orthodox Jews currently exempt from army service.

Commentators also suggested Netanyahu was hoping to win reelection before the Attorney General announced long-expected indictments against the prime minister on a variety of corruption charges. According to Reuven Hazan, a professor at Hebrew University, “He wants to preempt this, he wants to win, he wants to turn around to the attorney general and say, ‘Before you decide to prosecute me, pay attention, the people of Israel have re-elected me for a fourth time. … You can’t overturn the results of a democratic election.’”

If that was indeed Netanyahu’s strategy, it failed because the Attorney General announced multiple indictments against him in February 2019.

A record 47 parties registered with the Central Elections Committee to run for the 21st Knesset (40 ultimately participated) compared to the 24 that ran for the 20^th. In 2015, four Arab parties formed the Joint List and won 13 seats, becoming the third largest party in the Knesset. Discussions between the four parties broke down and, in 2019, there will be two joint Arab lists: Hadash and the Arab Movement for Renewal (Ta’al), and Ra’am and Balad. This election also features two new parties, Kahol Lavan, which was formed by Benny Gantz’s new Resilience Party and Yair Lapid’s Yesh Atid. The other new party is Gesher, was formed by Orli Levi-Abekasis who was formerly a member of Yisrael Beiteinu.

Israel has a unique system whereby two parties can reach an agreement to combine their leftover votes so that one of them can secure an extra Knesset seat. The “Heskem Odafim” (voter surplus agreement) gives a small party a second shot at making it into the Knesset. Roi Rubinstein explains:

After the polls close, the votes are counted and each party that makes it past the threshold is allocated a number of the 120 Knesset seats depending on the percentage of the vote they received. However, it is rarely a tidy number, and there is normally a number of votes for each party that do not translate into a full Knesset seat….Two parties can use the surplus votes agreement to combine their leftover ballots and, if the two combined totals adds up to enough votes to make a full seat, it then goes to the party with the greater number of surplus votes (which most of the time is also the bigger party).

Parties must inform the Elections Committee of any plan to use surplus votes 10 days before the elections and receive the committee’s approval.

In 2019, the two ultra-Orthodox parties – Shas and United Torah Judaism – signed a vote sharing agreement, as did Labor and Meretz, HaYamin HeHadash and Yisrael Beiteinu, and Hadash-Ta’al and Ra’am-Balad. Most controversially,  Netanyahu brokered an agreement between the Likud and the Union of Right-Wing Parties (which merged three far-right parties). If Likud wins surplus votes, it could put one of the most extreme candidates who was associated with the outlawed Kahane Party into the Knesset.

Kahol Lavan, Kulanu, Gesher, and Zehut did United Torah Judaismnot agree to any surplus vote agreements.

Results

A total of 4,349,253 Israelis voted (30,893 were ruled invalid) out of a total eligible population of 6,339,729. The turnout was 68.46%, down from 72.33% in 2015. Arab turnout dropped to less than 50% compared to 64% in the previous election. Arab turnout was 56 percent — down from 63 percent in 2015 – but  higher than in the four elections between 2003 and 2013.

No Israeli party had ever garnered more than 1 million votes in an election, but both Likud and Blue and White did in 2019. 

The initial results indicated Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s Likud Party narrowly defeated Benny Gantz’s Kahol Lavan (Blue and White Party) – 26.45% to 26.12% – giving the Likud a 36-35 advantage in seats in the 120-member Knesset. The final results, however, found that each won 35 seats. The seat lost by Likud was picked up by United Torah Judaism.

The outcome was more one-sided when Likud’s allies are taken into consideration. By adding the ultra-Orthodox and right-wing parties, Netanyahu has the best chance to form a majority coalition of 65 seats compared to the 55 possible if the center, left and Arab parties joined together. 

Israel’s President, Reuven Rivlin, decides which party head gets a chance to form the new government. Rivlin will ask each party leader who they recommend for prime minister. Given the Likud’s victory, and the greater likelihood that Netanyahu can form a coalition government, Rivlin is expected to offer him the first opportunity to assemble the support of at least 61 members of the Knesset. Though Netanyahu is expected to form a government with the right-wing parties, it is also conceivable that he will choose to form a stronger, more centrist coalition by making a deal with Gantz.

It may take weeks of negotiations and horse-trading before a government is formed. Netanyahu tied David Ben-Gurion with the most election victories (five). If he does form a government he will surpass Ben-Gurion as the country’s longest-serving prime minister in July 2019.

April 2019 Final Vote

Analysis

The Likud had its best showing under Netanyahu’s leadership and won the most seats since it captured 38 in the 2003 election under Ariel Sharon. Netanyahu’s victory was attributed to a number of factors. One is his undisputed political acumen and campaign savvy. Another was the virtual disappearance of the left in Israel as the entire population shifted to the right. Fifty-six percent of Israelis now describe themselves as right-wing, up from 40% from 15 years ago, according to the Israel Democracy Institute. This reality was reflected in the catastrophic showing of the once dominant Labor Party, which all but collapsed, winning a record low of six seats.

Netanyahu also could tout a strong economy and a number of diplomatic successes in improving ties with Russia, the Gulf Arab states, and a number of African, Asian and Latin American leaders. His close relationship with President Trump, who is extremely popular in Israel, was also an asset. Trump also did his part to help the prime minister by recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, moving the U.S. embassy and, shortly before the election, recognizing Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo also held a high-profile meeting with Netanyahu to reinforce the strong ties with the administration.

Security is always the paramount concern of Israeli voters and although some of his opponents criticized Netanyahu for not taking a tougher measures against Hamas, the public appreciated the fact that he had kept Israel out of any wars and still took strong action against threats from Hezbollah, Iran and Hamas. The peace process was largely a non-issue because Gantz’s views were not that different from Netanyahu’s. Moreover, most Israelis do not see any urgency to reach an agreement, and they see no Palestinian negotiating partner. Netanyahu did make an obvious play for the far-right vote by pledging to annex settlements in the West Bank.

In addition to the appeal to ideological voters, a pre-election poll by the Israel Democracy Institute indicated Netanyahu was supported by two-thirds of voters 18 to 24 and more than half aged 25 to 34.

The strong showing of Blue and White (Kahol Lavan) was particularly impressive given that Benny Gantz was a political neophyte who formed his party just a few months before the election. That lack of experience and campaign structure may have been the difference between winning and losing. New parties have a history of coming and going from election to election; nevertheless, the strong showing by Blue and White suggests it could become a serious contender in the future if it continues to build support. 

The results were a mixed bag for the political right. The ultra-Orthodox (or Haredim) account for at least 10 percent of the Israeli population and have by far the highest turnout of any community. The two Orthodox parties, Shas and United Torah Judaism, won eight and seven seats, respectively. With a combined 15 votes, they will have a great deal of leverage in coalition negotiations and will try to restrict Netanyahu’s freedom to address issues of concern to their constituents, such as the enlistment of yeshiva students, public transportation on Shabbat and the push for egalitarian prayer at the Western Wall.

Also victorious was the Union of Right-Wing Parties, which won five seats equaling the number won by the National Union Party in the previous election.

The former head of the Jewish Home Party, Naftali Bennett, did not fare as well. The Education Minister and Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked formed The New Right Party (HaYamin HeHadash) in the hope of winning over right-wing secular voters, but failed to win any seats.

Another prominent figure on the right, Moshe Feiglin, was thought to be a possible kingmaker; however, his Zehut Party also failed to pass the electoral threshold.

The lower turnout of Arab voters hurt the four Arab parties. In 2015, they ran as a joint list and captured 13 seats, making it the third largest party in the Knesset. Running this time as separate lists of two parties, they lost three seats. Hadash - Ta'al now tied with Labor for the fifth most seats (6) and Ra’am (United Arab List) - Balad won only four.

One reason for the poorer showing was probably dissatisfaction with the Joint List’s failure to achieve much for their constituents and inability to prevent the adoption of legislation regarded as harmful such as the Nation-State Law. Supporters of the right wing parties also sought to intimidate Arab voters by installing 1,200 cameras at Arab polling stations under the guise of protecting against voter fraud.

While the 2018 U.S. elections were marked by a dramatic increase in female candidates and victors, the Israeli election did not result in a similar breakthrough. A total of 29 women, the same as in the previous Knesset, won seats in 2019. Among them was Gadeer Mreeh of the Blue and White Party who became the first woman of Druze ethnicity to become a Member of Knesset.

Aftermath

Chemi Shalev observed, “The expected incoming right-wing government is nearly identical to the outgoing one, in a slightly more radical and nationalist version.”

In addition to concessions Netanyahu may have to make the religious parties, he will also face pressure from the right-wing parties to fulfill his campaign pledge to annex the West Bank. Such a move would create an international uproar, upsetting not only Israel’s enemies, but many of its friends, including Western governments and some Jews. Critics see such a move as precluding the creation of a Palestinian state. Within Israel, however, support for a Palestinian state has declined from two-thirds in favor in the past to less than 50% today.

“There is a majority of Israel that supports negotiations with the Palestinians. And there is a larger majority that believes there is no chance for peace because of the partner,” said Israeli political scientist Abraham Diskin.

With the expected release of the Trump administration’s peace plan, Netanyahu will have to address the Palestinian issue. He will have to balance Israel’s security needs, the views of his base and coalition partners, and the strong relationship he has built with Trump.

Netanyahu could avoid some of the political traps by forming a coalition with Gantz and excluding the religious and far right parties. Instead of 65 seats, the government could have 71 and not be brought down by the whims of a single small party. Gantz said he would not join a Netanyahu government, but he may find the opportunity irresistible if offered key positions such as the Defense and Foreign Affairs ministries. Netanyahu could then back away from extreme positions related to the peace process and religious pluralism that have alienated American Jews.

Netanyahu still faces a series of legal challenges. Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit announced in February his intention to indict Netanyahu on fraud and bribery charges, but Netanyahu denied any wrongdoing and said he would not resign. Prior to the election there were suggestions that if he won, Netanyahu’s allies in the Knesset might introduce legislation to protect him by barring the indictment of a sitting prime minister.

Netanyahu Can’t Form Coalition Leading to Second Vote

Israelis were stunned when Netanyahu failed to meet a midnight deadline to form a new government on May 29, 2019. Just seven weeks earlier, Netanyahu declared a “night of tremendous victory” and was poised to become Israel’s longest-serving prime minister.

Netanyahu successfully assembled a coalition of right-wing and religious parties that represented 60 seats in the Knesset, one short of the majority needed to form a government. In desperation, Netanyahu reportedly turned to the Labor Party to join the coalition, but was rebuffed. The real cause of his downfall was longtime rival Avigdor Lieberman whose Yisrael Beiteinu Party held five seats.

Lieberman’s stated reason for refusing to join the coalition was his determination to pass a bill that would require ultra-Orthodox Israelis to serve in the military like most other Israelis. The proposed law would also impose financial and possibly criminal penalties for failure to comply. Even though the number of draftees was expected to be small, and exemptions were allowed on religious grounds for anyone over 21, the ultra-Orthodox parties object to the idea that anyone studying Torah should be drafted. If Netanyahu would have accepted Lieberman’s demand to support the legislation, he would have lost 16 seats from Shas and United Torah Judaism and fallen even shorter of the 61 seats he needed. Neither side was willing to compromise ensuring Netanyahu could not form a government.

Meanwhile, many Israelis were alarmed that one element of the coalition negotiations was a pledge by Netanyahu’s supporters to vote for a bill that said members of the Knesset cannot be charged with crimes allegedly committed during their tenures in the chamber or before they won their Knesset seats unless a house committee and the wider body both waive the members’ immunity. The legislation would also limit the power of the Supreme Court to overturn bills passed by the Knesset. The law was a transparent effort to allow Netanyahu, who would be immune as a member of the Knesset, to evade prosecution for a series of pending charges.

Following the expiration of the deadline, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin could have offered someone else, either another member of Likud or the leader of Kahol Lavan to form a government. To prevent this, Netanyahu orchestrated the dissolution of the Knesset to force new elections, which are now scheduled for September 17, 2019. In the meantime, Netanyahu remained prime minister and passed Ben-Gurion as the longest-serving prime minister in Israeli history.

The 21st Knesset served for only 30 days and did not pass a single law, a first in Israeli history. The five-month gap between the elections is also the shortest ever.

Contrary to some news reports, Netanyahu’s failure to form a government is not unprecedented. Dr. Ofer Kenig of the Israel Democracy Institute noted that it is actually the third time this has happened. In 1990, Shimon Peres also failed to assemble a coalition as did Tzipi Livni in 2008. “In the former case, the President then asked Yitzhak Shamir to form a government (he succeeded); in the latter case, the Knesset voted for early elections,” Kenig noted. One difference, he said, was that “neither of these two failures came immediately after Knesset elections.”

The deadline for submitting the slates to the Central Elections Committee is August 1.

Prior to the deadline, several mergers occurred. The four Arab parties that ran as two separate join lists reunited to reform the Joint List that ran in 2015 and won 13 seats, making it the third largest faction in the Knesset. In addition, Likud announced a merger with Kulanu, Meretz agreed to form a joint list – the Democratic Union – with the new Democratic Israel Party created by former Labor Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Gesher agreed to run jointly with Labor. The New Right and the Union of the Right-Wing Parties also decided to create a united list – The United Right (HaYamin HaMeuhad) – to increase the likelihood that representatives of the smaller right-wing parties will meet the electoral threshold needed to win seats in the Knesset.

Also, in pre-election maneuvering, some potential coalition partners said they would only join a Likud-led government if Netanyahu was replaced. Avigdor Liberman explicitly said he would support the party if it were led by Yuli Edelstein. The party rallied around Netanyahu and every member on the election list signed a letter declaring their loyalty to Netanyahu, a pledge David Makovsky said was “unprecedented in the history of Israeli politics.”

In late August, the Blue and White and Yisrael Beiteinu signed a surplus vote-sharing agreement. Also, at the prodding of Netanyahu, Moshe Feiglin announced that his Zehut party would not compete in the elections in exchange for a promise from Likud of a ministerial post and the liberalization of the medical marijuana market.

Netanyahu also reportedly agreed to lower the electoral threshold for winning a Knesset seat if Otzma Yehudit withdrew from the election. He fears Otzma will fail to win any seats and the votes the party receives will be wasted because they otherwise could have gone to help the Likud or other right-wing parties win an additional seat or two that could make the difference in Netanyahu’s ability to form a coalition (Times of Israel, September 3, 2019).

In what was viewed as a last-minute bid to win right-wing voters to win re-election, Netanyahu took several steps that were widely criticized in Israel and largely condemned by the international community but seemed to receive tacit support from the Trump administration which was believed to be interested in seeing Netanyahu remain in power.

During the last cabinet meeting before the election, Netanyahu reiterated a statement he had made a few days earlier, “We will apply sovereignty in the Jordan Valley and the Northern Dead Sea as soon as the next government is established in the next Knesset.”

He reiterated another pledge he had made earlier, to annex all the West Bank settlements, including those in isolated areas.

The Cabinet also tentatively approved a “new” settlement, Mevo’ot Yericho, which was founded outside Jericho in 1999, but had never been authorized by the government and was therefore considered an illegal outpost. The attorney general said a transitional government could not do this so Netanyahu said it would be formalized by the next government – assuming he won.

Netanyahu also announced, and the president confirmed, that he and Donald Trump had discussed establishing a mutual defense treaty between the two countries.

Following his earlier declaration regarding the Jordan Valley, Netanyahu’s main opposition, the Blue and White Party, said it was pleased to see he was “adopting Blue and White’s plan for recognizing the Jordan Valley.”

Will There Be A Government?

The day after the election the only thing that was certain was that no party won a majority. Kahol Lavan and Likud again appeared in a dead heat, but with fewer seats than they won in April. With nearly all votes counted by the end of the week, Kahol Lavan had won 33 seats, the Likud 31, both losing support from April when each won 35.

The center-left/Arab bloc won 57 seats compared to 55 for the right-wing/ultra-Orthodox bloc. The Arab Joint list won 13 seats making it the third largest party, but was unlikely to be included in any coalition. Without those seats the “anti-Bibi” bloc has only 44 seats, far from the 61 needed to form a government.

The results were revised after the Central Election Committee disqualified some 3,800 votes and reported evidence of fraud at some polling stations. The Likud vote total increased its total number of seats to 32, still one fewer than Blue and White, and reduced the total for United Torah Judaism to 7.

As in April, the man likely to determine whether a government can be formed is Avigdor Lieberman whose Yisrael Beitenu party won 8 seats, up from 5 in April. Lieberman has said that he favors a unity government with his party, Kahol Lavan and the Likud that excludes the religious parties.

Netanyahu called for negotiations with Gantz to discuss a coalition, but Gantz rebuffed him. It was unclear in the immediate aftermath of the vote whether a government could be formed without Netanyahu. His party was backing him, but Gantz indicated he would only form a government with the Likud if Netanyahu was excluded.

President Reuven Rivlin will ask the party leader with the best chance of building a 61-seat majority to form a government. That candidate will have 28 days (plus the option of a two-week extension) to form a coalition. A number of scenarios are possible, but if that candidate fails, Rivlin may give another party leader the opportunity to build a coalition. No one wants another election, but that may be necessary if no one can form a government.

Following the election, three of the four Arab parties endorsed Gantz as their first choice to form a government. This still did not give him enough seats to form a government, and Gantz had indicated before the vote he would not enter a coalition with the Arab parties. Moreover, the decision of Balad not to support Gantz, meant that Netanyahu and his right-wing allies had the advantage of 55 to 54 seats. Typically, the party with the most possible seats to build a coalition is given first choice to form a government; nevertheless, Rivlin made clear his desire to see a unity governmment and Gantz and Netanyahu began talks to see if they could agree to a power sharing arrangement that might exclude the other parties.

The situation is further complicated by Netanyahu’s legal troubles. Until a new government is formed, he remains prime minister. He is scheduled to have a pre-indictment hearing in early October, however, to challenge the evidence in the three cases where the Attorney General has recommended he be indicted for bribery, fraud and breach of trust. Netanyahu had hoped to form a government with loyalists who would vote to grant him immunity, but that is not going to happen. If he is indicted he may be forced to resign.

The election featured a record low of 9 lists due to the various pre-election mergers, but 20 parties will have representatives in the 22^nd Knesset.

While many analysts expected the 6,394,030 eligible voters to be less enthusiastic about the rerun, turnout increased by 2.7% to 69.8% (by comparison turnout for the last U.S. presidential election was 60%). This was largely driven by voter turnout in Arab communities which increased from 49% to 60%.

Of the 4,465,168 Israelis who voted, more than 50% of the votes went to Likud and Blue and White, which collectively received 2,264,831 individual ballots. None of the other seven parties that won seats received more than 11% of the vote.

Gantz Gets Mandate After Netanyahu Fails Again But Third Election Coming

Netanyahu failed to build a coalition and, for the first time in eleven years, someone else – Benny Gantz – will have an opportunity to form a government. The reason he was not given first crack was the unlikelihood he could put together the needed 61 votes. That has not changed.

Gantz rejected Netanyahu’s proposal to form a unity government with the two leaders rotating two-years terms as prime minister; nevertheless, Gantz may still decide to form such a government, but he may insist that Likud replace Netanyahu. For the time being, the Likud and its right-wing allies are standing by the prime minister. That could change if the attorney general finally hands down an indictment on one of the charges against Netanyahu. Another possibility is that Gantz relents but insists that he serve as prime minister first and Netanyahu second. Yohanan Plesner of the Israel Democracy Institute also raised the possibility of Netanyahu taking a “leave of absence.”

Another option for Gantz is to form a minority government. Plesner explained:

Gantz will have 28 days to form a government. If he fails, there is a three-week period during which 61 Members of the Knesset can request that the President give any MK an opportunity to build a coalition. That MK would have 14 days to form a new government. If the three-week period elapses without either a recommendation for another MK to form a government, or the third candidate fails to form a government, the Knesset is dissolved forcing another election.

After unsuccessfully attempting to negotiate a power sharing arrangement with Netanyahu, Gantz also failed to form a coalition and a third election was scheduled for March 2, 2020.

September 2019 Final Vote

Parties that failed to cross the 3.25% electoral threshold:

Otzma Yehudit: 83,609 votes, 1.88%
Tzomet: 14,805 votes, 0.33%
Hitachdut Haamamit: 5,946 votes, 0.13%
Adom Lavan: 4,358 votes, 0.10%
Justice: 3,053 votes, 0.07%
Ron Kobi: 2,395 votes, 0.05%
Kavod V’Shivyon: 1,545 votes 0.03%
Zechuyotenu BeKoleinu: 1,473 votes, 0.03%
Pirate Party: 1,236 votes, 0.03%
Otzma Kalkalit: 1,193 votes, 0.03%
Mitkadmim: 1,033 votes, 0.02%
Kama: 994 votes, 0.02%
Seder Hadash: 928 votes, 0.02%
Democratura Party: 736 votes, 0.02%
Tzafon: 725 votes, 0.02%
The Liberal Christian Movement: 610 votes, 0.01%
Da’am: 592 votes, 0.01%
Kavod HaAdam: 542 votes, 0.01%
The Gush Hatanachi: 497 votes, 0.01%
Manhigut Chevratit: 434 votes, 0.01%

Members of the 22nd Knesset

Blue and White

1 Benny Gantz
2 Yair Lapid
3 Moshe Ya’alon
4 Gabi Ashkenazi
5. Avi Nissenkorn
6. Meir Cohen
7. Miki Haimovitch
8. Ofer Shelah
9. Yoaz Hendel
10. Orna Barbivai
11. Michael Biton
12. Hili Tropper
13. Yael German
14. Tzvi Hauser
15. Orit Farkash-Hacohen
16. Karin Elharar
17. Meirav Cohen
18. Yoel Rozbozov
19. Assaf Zamir
20. Yizhar Shai
21. Elazar Stern
22. Miki Levy
23. Omer Yankelovitch
24. Pnina Tamano-Shata
25. Gadeer Mreeh
26. Ram Ben Barak
27. Alon Shuster
28. Yoav Seglovich
29. Ram Shefa
30. Boaz Toporovsky
31. Orli Froman
32. Eitan Ginzburg
33. Gadi Yevarkan

Likud

1 Benjamin Netanyahu
2 Yuli Edelstein
3 Yisrael Katz
4 Gilad Erdan
5 Moshe Kahlon
6 Gideon Sa’ar
7 Miri Regev
8 Yariv Levin
9 Yoav Galant
10 Nir Barkat
11 Gila Gamliel
12 Avi Dichter
13 Ze'ev Elkin
14 Haim Katz
15 Eli Cohen
16 Tzachi Hanegbi
17  Ofir Akunis
18 Yuval Steinitz
19 Tzipi Hotovely1
20. David Amsalem
21. Amir Ohana
22. Ofir Katz
23. Etti Atia
24. Yoav Kisch
25. David Bitan
26. Keren Barak
27. Shomo Karai
28. Miki Zohar
29. Yifat Shasha Biton
30. Sharren Haskel
31. Michal Shir

Joint List

1. Ayman Odeh
2. Matanas Shichada
3. Ahmad Tibi
4. Mansour Abbas
5. Aida Touma-Sliman
6. Walid Taha
7. Ofer Kassif
8. Hiba Yizbek
9. Osama Saadi
10. Yosef Jabareen
12. Said al-Harumi
13. Jabar Asatra

Shas

1. Aryeh Deri
2. Yitzhak Cohen
3. Meshulam Nahari
4. Yakov Margi
5. Yoav Ben-Tzur
6. Michael Michaeli
7. Moshe Arbel
8. Ynon Azoulay
9. Moshe Abutbul

United Torah Judaism

1. Yaakov Litzman
2. Moshe Gafni
3. Meir Porush
4. Uri Maklev
5. Yaakov Tesler
6. Yaakov Asher
7. Yisrael Eichler
8. Yitzhak Pindrus

Yisrael Beytenu

1. Avigdor Lieberman
2. Oded Forer
3. Yevgeni Suba
4. Eli Avidar
5. Yulia Malinovsky
6. Hamad Amar
7. Alexander Kushnir
8. Mark Efraimov

Yamina

1 Ayelet Shaked
2 Rafi Peretz
3 Bezalel Smotrich
4 Naftali Bennett
5. Moti Yogev
6. Ofir Sofer
7. Matan Kahana

Labor-Gesher

1 Amir Peretz
2 Orly Levy-Abekasis
3. Itzik Shmuli
4. Merav Michaeli
5. Omer Barlev
6. Revital Swid

Democratic Camp

1. Nitzan Horowitz
2. Stav Shaffir
3. Yair Golan
4. Tamar Zandberg
5. Ilan Gilon

Major Party Lists for September 2019 Election

Major Party Lists for April 2019 Election

*Disqualified by the Supreme Court before the April election for past statements against Arabs that are considered incitement to racism.
** Agreed to run with Likud on a joint election list in the September election.
***Disqualified by the Supreme Court before the September election for past statements against Arabs that are considered incitement to racism.

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